Corruption, as illustrated by cases like Mobutu Sese Seko in Congo, is most prevalent in developing countries and consistently inhibits economic growth through negative impacts on private investment, resource misallocation, distorted budgets, and reduced efficiency. While some argue that corruption may facilitate certain bureaucratic processes and incentivize superior work in specific contexts, empirical evidence overwhelmingly demonstrates its adverse effects on economic development, urging developing countries to focus on improving their institutions and practices for the well-being of their citizens.

In 1931, Stalin's Soviet Union underwent rapid industrialization with centralized control, drawing parallels to modern China. The narrative raises concerns about centralized power stifling innovation and emphasizes the need for market reforms to ensure sustained economic growth in China.